Law - Juvenile Delinquents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law - Juvenile Delinquents - Essay Example In 2008, 180,100 adolescent captures were made according to medicate infringement, which comprised of 15 percent of all out adolescent captures that year (Puzzanchera, 2009). These insights further feature this is a seven percent decrease in tranquilize related captures somewhere in the range of 2007 and 2008. Simultaneously, medicate infringement captures spoke to 11 percent of absolute adolescent captures. Most of medication related captures comprised of male violators contrasted with females. In 1994, medicate infringement with male wrongdoers out of nowhere spiked, yet have remained generally consistent since 2002 with just negligible decreases year-on-year. For female violators, sedate maltreatment captures have additionally remained basically consistent since 1997, after an abrupt spike in captures around 1993, with minimal reductions year-by-year. In 2008, the conditions of Illinois, Maryland, and Wyoming kept up the most elevated capture rates in the nation (Puzzanchera, 2009 ). Comparable to attack captures, the volume of adolescent capture for straightforward ambushes perceived no expansion or lessening from 2007 (Puzzanchera, 2009). ... For guys, per 100,000 captures, basic ambush captures were roughly totaled around 900. Regardless of male decreases from 1999, 2008’s capture records show that basic attacks are overwhelmed by male adolescent guilty parties. According to add up to 2008 captures, guys more than females were the most unmistakable guilty parties in all classes of infringement, with 70 percent male and 30 percent female. Theft and murder were commanded by blacks according to captures made for whites and other ethnic gatherings for these infringement. The Violent Crime Index shows that blacks adolescent captures were 500 percent of white adolescent captures from 2004-2008. This has huge ramifications for the dark ethnic gathering as the whole adolescent populace in America in 2008 comprised of 78 percent white and just 16 percent dark. Asian/Pacific Islanders made up just five percent of the adolescent populace in 2008, while American Indians spoke to just a minor one percent of the populace. With these outrageous proportions of roughly 5:1 for vicious wrongdoing captures among blacks and whites separately, this shows a potential equity withstanding issue or social issue with the dark populace that solitary makes up 16 percent of the absolute 2008 adolescent populace. Female theft capture rates expanded 51 percent from 2002 to 2008. Simultaneously, the female exasperated ambush capture rates expanded 80 percent from 1980 to 2008, however this was a 17 percent drop from 1999 to 2008. Robbery burglary, thought about a vicious wrongdoing by the Department of Justice, demonstrated stamped increments in female adolescent guilty parties of four percent, while male adolescent partners indicated an enormous 29 percent decline somewhere in the range of 1999 and 2008.

Ethics in International Environments Essay

The various changes that are going on in the general public extraordinarily influence the standards and practices of individuals, particularly those that are associated with the business area. The presence of globalization has made ready for business association to extend their advertising activities outside their nearby nations and have a go at focusing on new shoppers that are arranged in remote countries. In any case, in doing as such, business associations need to mull over the distinctions among countries, particularly with regards to values, convictions, culture, lawful framework, and numerous others. In accordance with this, regarding and appropriately tending to the distinctions among nations likewise involves appropriately applying the choices and business system of the organization so that it maintains business morals. Business morals alludes to the applied or expert morals that is utilized so as to distinguish the profound quality or rightness of a choice or activity in moral issues that emerge in business associations (Crane and Matten, 2007). In accordance with this, the contextual investigation of the British American Tobacco Australia (BATA) in advertising their Winfield image in Asia ought to painstakingly consider the moral ramifications of their market development to the government assistance of the purchasers in that piece of the world and furthermore the general impacts of it in the power of the organization. Brief Summary of the Case Study The British American Tobacco Australia (BATA) is creator of Winfield, an Australian brand of cigarette. Winfield is accessible in nations, for example, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, UK, and Europe. The fundamental upper hand of Winfield as contrasted and different brands is the notoriety that it has wherein it help quality alongside the idea of ‘more for less’, without being viewed as a ‘cheap’ brand. The brand has demonstrated solid money related development beginning from its dispatch in Australia and other universal commercial center. Be that as it may, the stricter tobacco promoting limitations has made it hard for the association to market and impart to the shoppers so as to sell Winfield. Because of this, the association chose to enter the Asian market on the grounds that their tobacco laws are not as exacting as contrasted and the United States and Australia. BATA needs to expand the capability of the Asian market before it starts restricting cigarette publicizing and tobacco smoking. So as to grow in the Asian market, BATA needs to rehearse the multi-residential promoting methodology. The multi-household promoting methodology involves that business associations need to customized an advertising standard that sticks to the way of life and individual inclination of the objective outside market of the organization (Kurtz, 2008). According to this, business associations likewise can keep up the standard nature of the item by ensuring that regardless of the distinctions in the showcasing system, it despite everything sticks to the fundamental belief and target of the brand (Kitchen and Schultz, 2001). Moral Issues BATA needs to address various issues with regards to entering the Asian market. Initially, the association needs to recognize with regards to what degree normalize approach on cigarette publicizing and advancement must be applied across fringes. Second, BATA needs to discover routes so as to set up a harmony between guaranteeing moral showcasing exercises and as yet picking up from the opportunity of correspondence in some worldwide commercial centers. BATA needs to accommodate whether a worldwide promoting methodology or multi-residential advertising technique is the best showcasing model that will profit the association (Kurtz, 2008). The association needs to confront the moral issue that accompanies promoting and selling their cigarettes in the Asian market. BATA needs to manage the moral difficulty that showcasing Winfield in Asia may put the lives of individuals in peril due to sick impacts of tobacco smoking. What's more, the association additionally needs to think about the presentation of the advertising of Winfield to minors. In addition, the notoriety of the organization ought to likewise be given most extreme thought in light of the fact that their picture of giving quality items with a craving to offer fulfillment to clients may be compromised by an off-base promoting move. Detailing of Alternative or Possible Solution So as to appropriately address the moral issues that exist and others more that may emerge, BATA needs to investigate their choices and activities through the Social Contract Theory (SCT). The Social Contract Theory relates to a wide scope of speculations that attempt to clarify how individuals energetically give a piece of their privilege so as to shape the state with the principle motivation behind guaranteeing social request. Each individual has their own separate rights, which they openly give up a segment of to a more significant position authority typically the administration, so as to forestall tumult and save request in the general public (Crane and Matten, 2007). With regards to global business morals, the Social Contract Theory permits the foundation of a system that will help address the moral issues in connection with Winfield. The Social Contract Theory understands moral issue by methods for the accompanying: (1) build up center rules that are identified with the association; (2) gives proposals to different networks; (3) analyze the propriety of advertising rehearses; (4) empowers the hypothetical establishment of standards and qualities (Crane and Matten, 2007). In light of the Social Contract Theory, the conceivable arrangement involves BATA ought to distinguish explicit and viable basic belief framework for the association. So as to appropriately distinguish the choices and activities that the association perceives as moral or deceptive a framework of the fundamental belief arrangement of the association is vital. Another significant advance is for the association to actualize the multi-residential advertising procedure that will offer significance to the particular inclinations of various outside business sectors. The association needs to customized their showcasing technique to the requirements of particular remote nations. The propriety of the promoting practices of the association ought to likewise be guaranteed by methods for building up a different division in the association that will manage that the advertising of Winfield holds fast to the way of life, inclinations, and law of the outside market it is being cooked. Also, the standards and estimations of the organization ought to be maintain by methods for making showcasing advertisements and other limited time materials that objectives grown-ups as opposed to minors. Moreover, BATA should put alerts about the evil impacts of smoking to the soundness of individuals in the very bundling of Winfield and furthermore, in their promoting efforts regardless of whether the law of the outside nation doesn't require such. BATA needs to ensure the notoriety of the association and one powerful method of doing so is by successfully rehearsing corporate obligation (Blownfield and Murray, 2008). The association must be aware of their obligations and duties to their customers and the general public in general. Proposal The Utilitarian way to deal with morals is a sort of standardizing morals that surveys the ethical quality or rightness of activity dependent on its result. In utilitarianism, a choice or activity is moral when it yields the best advantage for the best number of individuals (Crane and Matten, 2007). In light of utilitarianism, BATA needs to offer significance to the government assistance of their buyers and not just the organization’s benefit so as to make their business forms moral. By methods for setting up the guiding principle arrangement of the association and furthermore by ensuring that the advancement of Winfield is center around grown-ups along with the comparing wellbeing cautioning, BATA can have the option to give the best advantage or joy to practically all partners that are include. The association will acquire benefit and further build up their organization by methods for entering the Asian market. What's more, BATA’s more prominent corporate duty will additionally help the notoriety of the organization. In the side of the shoppers, they will have more variety with regards to cigarette decisions. The shoppers are likewise appropriately educated by the organization of the wellbeing dangers of smoking, which will give them educated assent on choosing whether they will smoke or not. References Blowfield, M. , and Murray A. (2008). Corporate Responsibility: A Critical Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. Crane, A. and Matten, D. (2007). Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization. New York: Oxford University Press. Kitchen, P. J. , and Schultz, D. E. (2001). Raising the Corporate Umbrella: Corporate Communication in the 21st Century. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Kurtz, D. L. (2008). Contemporary Marketing. New York: Cengage Learning.

Benchmarking Microarchitecture Using Software Research Paper

Influence Of Slavery On American History - 1351 Words

Influence of Slavery on American History From the first 20 slaves brought to Jamestown in 1619, the abolishment of slavery through the 13th amendment to the United States Constitution, slaves and slavery have played an important role in the establishment and economic growth of the United States of America. From its beginning, slavery has divided America on its pursuit of life, liberty and happiness. Separating from its own oppressor on the words â€Å"That all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights†¦ † while still holding these same beliefs and rights from men and women that were not white. Close to 40 percent of the population in the Southern â€Å"slave† states were the slaves themselves,†¦show more content†¦The North profited from the sale of slaves as well as from the mass production of cotton and tobacco that was grown in the south from the enslaved labor. Both of these crops had an unquenchable demand with roaring profits both locally and when exported. When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, the demand for cotton skyrocketed. Many southerners believed that the cotton enterprise depended on more slave labor with bigger crops and more fertile land which pushed farmers to acquire more land. T hus expanding the railroad to have more railroad mileage in place by 1860 than any region outside of the northern United States.(Drescher) With this lust for more land, opened the issue of whether new states would allow or disallow slavery. This argument was tested each time new land was acquired, but it originated in 1820 with the Missouri Compromise. Under the Missouri Compromise, Maine was to enter the union as a free state while Missouri entered as a slave state. The reasoning behind this was that the balance would remain equal between free and slave states, however, slavery was prohibited in all land lying above the 36, 30’ latitude line. We must also look to the compromise of 1850 when California wanted to join the Union. This compromise allowed California to enter as a free state, prohibited slave trade in Washington DC, and also introduced a stricter fugitive slave law. Under this stricter law, citizens, whetherShow MoreRelatedEssay on Slavery In American History1430 Words   |  6 PagesProclamation. Just like our textbook---A Short History of the American Nation,  ¡Ã‚ °No reform movement of t his era was more significant, more ambiguous in character, or more provocative of later historical investigation than the drive to abolish slavery. ¡Ã‚ ± Abolition Movement was not only meaningful to itself, that is, slavery was abolished and black slaves were freed, but also meaningful to the whole nation, because it exerted much influences on American society and economy. In this paper, I will firstlyRead MoreSlavery And The United States1507 Words   |  7 PagesOver the centuries, slavery held a prominent factor in United States history. Slavery shaped and formed what society was in the United States. Slavery’s influence impacted the United States in various ways. The ways that slavery impacted United States history are the United States economy, society and politics. Some historians argue slavery is not an important factor in United States history. However, they are wrong because slavery brought many different political movements and the Underground RailroadRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1556 Words   |  7 Pagesand relationships. In American history, religion has made a significant impact. When race joined in, the impact led to shaping America’s political development. Mark A. Noll’s God and Race in American Politics, reveals the profound role of religion in American political history and in American discourse on race. Noll argues that race has been among the most influential elements in American political history, religion has always been crucial for the workings of race in American politics, and togetherRead MoreThe Gap Between Africa And Afro America1099 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibility for. Slavery may be buried within the history books in our libraries, but America itself is not free because it is still afraid of reading about slavery and shies away from the topic. Contemporary readers have a responsibility to take the leading role in remembering history of American slavery. The internationalization of contemporary English means that reading is the best tool for doing this and bridging the gap (Bennett and Royle, 238). The history of American slavery is not told inRead MoreSlavery Is An Important Chapter Of American History910 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery is an important chapter in American history, and its influence can be seen in the roots of our government and laws. Slavery is a prejudice based on race. It is also economic exploitation; the act of forcing other individuals to work for no pay. While slavery was ultimately abolished, restitution in the form of freedom was not compensation enough for the wrongs, nor could it remove the very ideal of slavery from our nation’s foundation. The effects of slavery continue to influence theRead MoreThe United States And The Civil War851 Words   |  4 Pagescornerstone of the numerous transformations of the American society. It is the notion that is found in speeches of both Republican and Democrat politicians, the idea that connected the mind of an affluent Southern plantation owner and that of a radical abolitionist. Generally, the unders tanding of any period in the United States history as a whole relies heavily on acquiring the knowledge of the way of life, and the patterns of thought of the American public. The meaning of freedom provides a uniqueRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1394 Words   |  6 PagesFuller 4 Sean Fuller Mr. Bradford US History 24 October 2014 In 1861 the Civil War began, but the cause of the war began decades before with a societal struggle of slavery between North and South. The societal influences that lead up to the Civil War consisted of five distinct events, all intertwined with one another. The societal events began with the rise of Black churches, and led to abolitionists creating the Compromise of 1850, to fighting in Bleeding Kansas, to a ground-breaking SupremeRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pages21st century know that slavery is terrible and also a touchy subject. But Americans used to rely heavily on slavery, how we perceive slavery in today’s society can either be the same or different from how others thought of slavery living within mid 1800s. People who resided in the northern region of American found slavery wrong as we do today. Americans who lived farther south however liked, and relied on slavery. In today’s world, we Americans almost all agree that slav ery had been a negative factorRead MoreBeloved : A Reconstruction Of Our Past1705 Words   |  7 Pagesreconstruction of our past Beloved by Toni Morrison is a reconstruction of history told by the African American perspective, a perspective that is often shadowed or absent in literature. Her novel presents a cruel demonstration of the horrors endured by slaves and the emotional and psychological effects it created for the African American community. It unmasks the realities of slavery, in which we are presented with the history of each of the characters lives and the memories they are trying to concealRead MoreThe Secession Of The Civil War1039 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, politicians in the southern states wished to secede from the northern states. President Lincoln opposed slavery and hoped to get rid of this act in any state that practiced it. The southern states viewed Lincoln’s vision as a threat to those states who supported slavery and they believed that having an anti-slavery president would endanger the states in many ways. For this reason, South Carolina became the first to secede six weeks after Lincoln became president

Slavery And The African Americans - 1071 Words

Freedom is what our ancestors fought for and because of them we are here today. Struggle and pain are just a few things that our ancestors experienced. However, I learned that this nightmare ended in 1865 after the 13th Amendment was passed. It gave them freedom. These were some of the phrases that will come to my mind when discussing slavery with other individuals. Throughout the years I have been a victim of my own ignorance for believing that Slavery undoubtedly ended in 1865. I can honestly admit that I was wrong. After having watched the documentary â€Å"Slavery by Another Name† I gained new insight into the history of slavery and the struggles that African Americans suffered during that time. I learned that slavery did not end after the 13th Amendment was passed. After the Amendment was passed African Americans were victims of segregation. Whites in the south continued to be in power and still found ways to continue slavery. According to the documentary Many African Americans were being incarcerated for minor offenses, and given fines and court fees that they were unable to pay. As a result, Blacks were forced to work for a local employer to repay their debts. While working many Blacks were exposed to toxics and chemicals that affected their health and nothing was being done to help them. African Americans still at that point had no control over their life and the time that came after slavery â€Å"ended† was worse than slavery itself as some of the stories that I watched in Show MoreRelatedSlavery : The African American Slavery2189 Words   |  9 PagesAPUSH - Steiker Period 6 Slavery 1775 - 1830 â€Å"Those who will not reason, are bigots, those who cannot, are fools, and those who dare not, are slaves, † said George Gordon Byron. Though slavery has never had a universal definition, one might describe it as the dependent labour by one person performed to another who is not of his or her family. It was thought to have come about after a dramatic labour shortage in particular areas or countries. In America, slavery has always been a highly debatedRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans942 Words   |  4 Pagespeople I met asked me that we Africans sold other Africans into slavery and why? I will tell them well I was not born when it happened, I only learn about slavery in school not even my parents told me so I cannot provide you with genuine reason behind slavery but I do understand this that it may have some economic benefits attached to it and that is a fact, the world back then was like survival of the fittest, slavery was rampant all over the world and not only black Africans were enslaved, many ethnicitiesRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1208 Words   |  5 PagesBack when there was Slavery it was unfair to some people, at least to the African Americans. By unfair I mean the whites, like most of us would torture the Africans. Some of the things the owners did was made the slaves work in fields without pay and they had no control over their own self, their owner did. But, if they were not doing, that the owners would do something bad like whip them with a whip with metal on the end. Also, it even was effected in sports because back then it was just whitesRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1207 Words   |  5 Pagestime where slavery was legal in America was a dark time that all wish was expunged from the nation’s history. Ever since the end of WWII came around and Japanese and victims of the Holocaust started to receive reparations for the ordeals then endeavored. This launched a proposal that the descendants of the enslaved people in the United States would be given some type of compensation. The form of compensation varies from individual monetary payments to land-based payment. Although the American enslavementRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans975 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the early developments of America, multiple states instituted the practice of owning African-Americans and using them as slaves. Surprisingly, this form of slavery was not only present in the Southern states, but also in the Northern too. Plantation owners from all over found their use in owning slaves, and were even shown taking advantage of the practice. By having ownership of slaves, it often contributed in farming production on plantations and also became useful when it came to votingRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans2011 Words   |  9 Pagespeople to turn to another source which could supply them with slaves. In result, African American slaves were brought to the U.S to facilitate life and work together with the European workforce. These African Americans came from a multitude of places including Africa and the Caribbean. From this day forth the lives of all African Americans changed, having an everlasting effect on their lives. After this, African Americans were viewed as slaves and it was the norm back then, which was a harsh, cruelRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthe enslavement of African Americans, to the mistreatment of Native Americans on the Trail of Tears, and the subtle and sometimes overt discrimination oppressing American women today, there has been a long and continuing history of discrimination and unfair action against our fellow citizens. It would be deceitful for us to think that our nation has lived up to the ideals of the words â€Å"all men are created equal† since the day the Constitution was written by the Founders. Slavery comes in many formsRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans2857 Words   |  12 Pages A black African-American that was one of the many few who was born free in Wilmington, North Carolina went by the name of David Walker. Walker’s father whom died before his birth was a slave but his mother was a free woman. In the state’s laws Walker inherited his mother’s liberated status although, being free did not keep him from witnessing slavery. Walker traveled throughout his time in his younger days in the South, noticing the injustices of the slave system that the whites had going on. EvenRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1844 Words   |  8 PagesMost African Americans were forcibly migrated from their countries to the United States to be used for the labor in fields and even do home chores for their owners. Many African American men, women and even children were either stolen from their families or sold by their own people to traders who would bring them back to the United States and sold them to white plantation owners. An African American who was bought by white owner was called a slave. The word slaves means â€Å"a person who is a legal propertyRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans860 Words   |  4 Pagesand the neighborhoods are infested with drugs and weaponry; then you’re at war. African people have been at war with society, and in spite of the fact that their weapons has slightly been adjusted over the years, it still remains the same endless war we’ve been facing since the settling of African people in the Americas. African people could never fully integrate with the shared heritage and experience within the African identity. Wars have been going on for times on end, from Emmitt Till to the Rosewood

The Era Of The Industrial Revolution - 1369 Words

When the Industrial Revolution started, it resulted in the world changing at a high pace. So, the people started to desire a simpler, and a more stable time. That’s when the revival of ancient architecture started to form. Each type of revival style was associated with a specific architect, for instance, A.W.N. Pugin was England’s leading Gothic revivalist. The revivals of the ancient architecture influenced the architectural designs of many architects of the time. Two of the most noted architects in the nineteenth century who were influenced by the architectural revivals were: Richard Morris Hunt, the leading architect to the Beaux Art style; and Henry Hobson Richardson, the father of the Richardsonian Romanesque architecture. The†¦show more content†¦Its style combined classical ideas from the ancient Greek, Roman, and Romanesque architecture and deployed their ideas into its architecture (Carven, 7/27/2016). The Beaux’s Art style influenced architectu re between 1880 and 1920, but its popularity ended with economic hardships from the great depression. Beaux Arts style emphasized the classical forms and features by showing elaborate details while having heavy masonry, and massive plans. The Beaux Arts displayed elaborate details by integrating sculpture that was influenced by the Baroque and Rococo styles. It also had classical details such as pilasters, balustrades, and garlands. It was highly ornamented to the point that an elaborately decorated surface with little areas left unornamented became the hallmark for the Beaux Arts style (Architectural style of America, n.d.). Also, the Beaux Arts style is symmetrical because it was influenced by the ancient Greek revival. Columns, arches, vaults, and domes were all elements of the Beaux Arts. They used all of these elements and characteristics to try and imitate the European Aristocracy houses. Beaux Arts main clients were the â€Å"would be American aristocrats† who have ac cumulated a massive amount of wealth throughout one or two generations. His main clients had to be the super wealthy people of the time because the Beaux Arts style of architecture had massive plans and heavy masonry, which means that his clients should beShow MoreRelatedThe Era Of Industrial Revolution1474 Words   |  6 Pagesages and eras that brought considerable changes and advancements to the human society. For instance, the age of exploration led explorers such as Columbus and Dias to discover unknown continents and routes. The age of enlightenment caused a burst of knowledge and ideas based on reason from people such as John Locke and Voltaire. The most important era, however, that brought substantial and visible change to the way of living is the era of Industrial Revolution. The period of the Industrial revolutionRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The Victorian Era2569 Words   |  11 Pages The Industrial Revolution of the Victorian Era was a time of development and underdevelopment. While the technology was improving, the social class structure and treatment of the underprivileged stayed the same. Social injustices at the time were often overlooked, but there were many Victorian writers, including Charles Dickens that wrote social commentaries regarding to these issues. Dickens sympathizes with society’s underprivileged because he had experienced similar injustices as a child. HisRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution: The Beginnings of the Modern Era Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pagesthe beginning of the â€Å"modern era,† but no development continues to impact and shape the contemporary world like the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution affected nations everywhere and ultimately created the world as we know it today. As Peter Stearns said, â€Å"Industrialization was the most fundamental force in world history in both the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, and it continues to powerfully shape the twenty-first† (1). The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning pointRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution : The Era Of The Internal Combustion Engine2673 Words   |  11 Pagesnineteenth century, the industrial revolution played an important role to bring a major change in energy resources with the utilization of coal and developed to use for steam engines. As a result, there were increasing power plants. In the beginning of the 20th century, human relied on coal for mainly energy source however there was a gradual change towards oil and gas which could give higher energy content. Secondly, there was the launch of oil-powered vessels which is â€Å"the era of the internal combustionRead MoreIndustrial Revolution : A New Era Of Consumption And Self Satisfaction1484 Words   |  6 Pages This was the start of the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries. When the world was entering the industrial age, the manufacturing industry has become a conceptual design that has been widely used in the machine, to accelerate the production, then the factories appeared. All this development resulted in entering a new era of consumption and self-satisfaction. To enter the scene,there are more new products in the markets and stores , it first seems new and strange for citizens, butRead MoreThe World Has Changed Since The Era Of The Industrial Revolution Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pages as they are the â€Å"ones who created the theory†. While everyone is entitled to their own opinion, people must understand that there is still a problem regardless of whether they choose to see it or not. The world has changed since the era of the industrial revolution; where everything was made fast in order to grow as a nation faster than others nations. Now, we have been immers ed into this technologically driven world that is controlled by the next big thing that is going to come out; no one is worryingRead MoreThe Effects And Effects Of The Industrial Revolution During The Victorian Era1465 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Victorian years, some of the main characteristics we think of the industrial revolution and the effects during the Victorian period. In this assignment I’m going to explain the impact that the industrial revolution had on people in There are three main characteristics of the industrial revolution which most people would think of first which are urbanization, suburb slums and agricultural revolution. Urbanization is when people move from small towns and the countryside to live in cities for moreRead Moreâ€Å"the Horrifying Effects of Child Labor During the Industrial Revolution Era†2220 Words   |  9 PagesThe world has had many great accomplishments but what people often fail to think about are the consequences of these great accomplishments. When the Industrial Revolution came to Britain, there was a high demand for labor to work in the various mills and mines because of the demand for production. Chimneysweepers also became common during this time. Because of this, families fled from their rural farms to industrialized cities in search of work. Children were often the workers of choice becauseRead MoreThe Consequences of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (the Standard of Living Debate) and the Free Trade Era in Europe.1542 Words   |  7 PagesLecture 11: The Consequences of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (The Standard of Living Debate) and the Free Trade Era in Europe. I. The Consequences of the Industrial Revolution: The Standard of Living Debate. What happened to living standards during the Industrial Revolution? From today’s perspective, over 200 years later, most people would say that industrialization has raised living standards dramatically from those that prevailed in the 1700s. In fact, there is general agreementRead MoreWhy did the Industrial Revolution begin in England, and What are the Inventions from this Era?788 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s. Before the Industrial Revolution, people made items by hand. Soon machines did the jobs that people didn’t want to do. This was a more efficient way of making goods. During the industrial revolution, Political, economical, and social forces led to a period of upheaval for the French during the eighteenth century. What political, economical, and social forces le d to a period

Symbolism in the Old Man and the Sea free essay sample

In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway uses symbolism to add dimension to his story. Hemingway once said, â€Å"All the things that are in it do not show, but only are with you after you have read it† (Young). He created The Old Man and the Sea with hopes that readers would understand what the story symbolizes. Primarily, Hemingway uses symbolism to comment on the journey of life and facing defeats. In addition, Hemingway creates a parallel between his own life, and the life of Santiago. Finally, the plot of the novel symbolizes many different Christian themes, including Santiago being a Christ figure. Ernest Hemingway uses symbolism to define his characters in The Old Man and the Sea. The Old Man and the Sea symbolizes life and the struggles that one endures during their lifetime. In his essay, â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea: Vision/Revision,† Philip Young comments on the struggles in The Old Man and the Sea: If we ask ourselves what The Old Man and the sea is â€Å"about† on a public and figurative level, we can only answer â€Å"life,† which is the finest and most ambitious thing for a parable to be about. Hemingway has written about life: a struggle against the impossible odds of unconquerable natural forces in which—given such a fact as that of death—a man can only lose, but which he can dominate in such a way that his loss has dignity, itself the victory. (Young 2) In this story, Santiago represents the true and noble hero. Santiago has the characteristics of a noble hero. These characteristics are courage, humility, and knowledge. Santiago shows courage as he continues to fight for the fish, even through issues with his crippled hand, and as sharks attack the fish. He shows humility as he continues to fish even after more than eighty days of unsuccessful fishing. He has extreme knowledge and expertise in the craft of fishing. The change of events from Santiago having bad luck fishing and then suddenly catching the huge marlin can be expressed through the idea that Santiago deserves only to catch the greatest fish after his religious devotion to his trade. He is only able to catch a fish that is his equal. Hemingway relates the nobility of Santiago to the stars of the sky as Santiago states, â€Å" I am as clear as the stars that are my brothers! † (Hemingway 77). After Santiago captures the fish he is akin to the stars, which he believes are the most majestic of all creatures. Santiago is again compared to a creature when he comments about the loggerhead turtles whose hearts continue to beat after they have been butchered by saying, â€Å"I have such a heart too and my feet and hands are like theirs† (Hemingway). Santiago is compared to the marlin, mako shark, and turtle. All these creatures are depicted in the story as showing intense life at the moment of their death (Jobes). The marlin shows the enormity of his life as he springs out of the water before dying. The mako shark bites the marlin after its death and takes nearly forty pounds of the fish’s meat before Santiago kills it with his harpoon. The fish takes both Santiago’s harpoon and rope as it dies and sinks into the sea. The turtle’s heart continues beating hours after it is killed. Santiago shows intense life as he fights off the sharks and tries to save his fish even as his body is deteriorating and he is reaching the end of the struggle. Through this, Santiago becomes a symbol of victory in the face of defeat. He is a victor because he does not lose himself against temptation and hardship. The marlin and Santiago symbolize each other. The fish possesses the same virtues that Santiago is commended to have. When Santiago tells the marlin, â€Å"Never have I seen a greater, or more beautiful, or a calmer or more noble thing than you, brother. Come and kill me. I do not care who kills who† (Hemingway 92), he has realized the nobility of the fish. Both endure through the trials of Santiago catching the fish, and are nearly destroyed by the close of the story. After killing the fish, Santiago says, â€Å"I think I felt his heart† (Hemingway 95). He and the creature have become one during the three day course. He has finally found an equal opponent, and from the moment that the fish is caught on the line, one of the pair is destined to lose everything. For both it is a struggle against death. As the story continues, instead of only calling the marlin a fish, in Santiago’s mind it becomes â€Å"brother. † Santiago and the fish parallel each other in their conditions as they return to the village. The fish has been torn apart by sharks and only his skeleton remains that shows the former grandness of the marlin. Santiago has not eaten and has suffered hugely through the loss of his greatest prize, the fish. He is exhausted and has lost most of his movement in his left hand. By the end of the novel, it is apparent that Santiago and the fish are both the hunter and the hunted. Both have sustained loss directly from the other. The former nobility of both characters is only a lost memory. At this point in his life Santiago only dreams of the lions that he saw on the coast of Africa during his youth. These lions continuously reappear throughout the story as a symbol of Santiago’s youth. A pattern is made from the moments that Santiago imagines the lions (Young). He chooses to use the lions as a form of escape from the torment of his old age. In the darkest moments of the nights when Santiago must sleep, he combats the darkness with visions of the bright white lions playing on the beach. As he grows more tired in his battle against the marlin, he summons the vision of the lions. The lions become a form of escape from his old age and weariness. In addition to viewing the lion as remembrance of his youth, Santiago uses the character Manolin as a way to find strength and to conjure the feelings of his youth. Manolin symbolizes Santiago’s lost youth. The conversation between Manolin and Santiago exhibits the difference, but also the existing affection, between old age and youth. The two represent the beginning and ending of life. Santiago feels the need to pass his knowledge of fishing and life on to Manolin. Santiago is the teacher and Manolin is the pupil. Santiago longs for Manolin while he battles the marlin, but also is longing for his youth. He repeatedly says, â€Å"I wish the boy was here,† which also may be regarded as Santiago wishing for his own youth in addition to the boys company (Jobes). Santiago realizes that when he was young he would have been able to bring the fish in without having to struggle with a bad left hand and cramping back. As Santiago calls for the boy, he is also calling for the lost boy in himself to return. Through baseball talk, Santiago teaches Manolin the multitude of his lessons on life. While the two speak casually about baseball Santiago is the teacher and Manolin the absorbed pupil. Though their conversation may not appear to be Santiago’s lesson to Manolin, Santiago is teaching Manolin proper behavior. For example, Manolin and Santiago discuss the prosperity of the Yankees during the season in The Old Man and the Sea: â€Å"The Yankees cannot lose. † â€Å"But I fear the Indians of Cleveland. † â€Å"Have faith in the Yankees my son. Think of the great DiMaggio. † â€Å"I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland. † â€Å"Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sox of Chicago. † (Hemingway 17). As Santiago reassures Manolin about the Yankees’ certain success, he also is advising Manolin about faith and useless fear. Santiago shows his certain faith in DiMaggio and the New York Yankees. This faith symbolizes his faith in fishing and that at some point his bad luck will end. He tries to teach Manolin that without faith Santiago would have given up, and lost his pride. Secondly, Santiago is teaching the boy to never give in to fear, or it may consume him. In the final lines of the selection, Santiago tells Manolin he must not be fearful of the Reds or the White Sox. He is teaching him that he must trust what he knows to be true, otherwise he will be overcome by fear of a team such as the inferior Chicago White Sox, or even a team that is not in the same league, such as the Cincinnati Red Sox (Barbour). Baseball is also important to the plot of the novel from the allusions that Hemingway makes during the story. For example, the sword of the fish is described as being â€Å"as long as a baseball bat† (Hemingway 62) and as Santiago finally reels the fish in he uses â€Å"both his hands in a swinging motion† (Hemingway 86). There is numerical importance in the number three in both baseball and the novel. For example, Santiago catches the fish after three days. A baseball player makes a home run after running around three bases. A baseball player also strikes out after three strikes. Santiago’s favorite baseball player, Joe DiMaggio, represents Santiago’s need for strength, and victory in the face of defeat. Santiago respects DiMaggio immensely due to the strong connection he feels to the baseball hero. DiMaggio’s father was a fisherman alike to Santiago. Both Santiago and DiMaggio show complete commitment to their trade and professions. DiMaggio represents the importance of mastering a trade to Santiago. He shows skill, strength, and endurance in his baseball skills, but most importantly, he is exact (Barbour). Santiago deals with a bad left hand that cramps while he fishes, and DiMaggio suffers from a bone spur in his foot. Both are experiencing a bad luck streak. DiMaggio’s team the New York Yankees have not won a game for some time, and Santiago has not caught a single fish in more than eighty days. DiMaggio’s achievement in the face of pain from his bone spur provides motivation for Santiago. As Santiago is struggling against the fish and his crippled left hand, he remembers the great DiMaggio and his bone spur. This drives Santiago to battle through the pain in his hand and catch the fish. It also motivates Santiago to try to preserve the fish through the shark-infested waters. Santiago wonders what DiMaggio would have thought of his battle against the sharks by thinking, â€Å"I wonder how the great DiMaggio would have liked the way I hit him in the brain? It was no great thing he thought, any man could do it. But do you think my hands were as great a handicap as the bone spurs? † (Hemingway 114). Throughout the story baseball symbolizes the idea of victory in the face of defeat, and the necessity for heroic actions (Barbour). The lions symbolize Santiago’s youth and his longing for his former strength. Baseball and the memories of the lions are all that Santiago has that is not his calling of fishing. They are his dreams and his ideal world. They have formed Santiago into a moral man who will strive through obstacles and not allow fear to overtake him. The various creatures and objects in The Old Man and the Sea symbolize the connection between life forces. The skiff that Santiago floats upon is the platform that separates the life of the creatures in the ocean and those above sea level. The fishing line between Santiago and the fish is the link between man and nature. It is the connection between two worthy opponents, each hanging on for their life (Murphy). The connections between the creatures in the novel represent life and its challenges. This is first shown as Santiago views the dark terns trying but not succeeding in catching fish: Why did they make the birds so delicate and fine as those sea swallows when the ocean can be so cruel? She is kind and very beautiful. But she can be so cruel and it comes so suddenly and such birds that fly, dipping and hunting, with their small sad voices are made too delicately for the sea (Hemingway 29) The symbolism of the ocean as life is first shown in this selection. In connection to the ocean being life, the sea birds are similar to people facing difficult challenges in life. As the ocean may either be cruel or be very beautiful, so may life. At times life is wonderful and pleasing, but may turn to harsh circumstances quickly. The reader again sees this symbolism as Santiago battles the great marlin. First Santiago celebrates the success of catching such a large fish, and then he makes the realization that he will have to fight to be able to catch it. The battle with the fish represents life’s gives and takes. As the fish takes out more line, Santiago pulls harder. The marlin is the great prize and Santiago’s love in life. After catching it and almost succeeding in bringing the fish to harbor, sharks come and eat the fish. The sharks represent adversaries that people confront during their lifetimes and the fish represents success. Santiago is left near death by the end of the story, much like how many people feel after suffering huge loss. Though The Old Man and the Sea symbolizes life as a whole, more specifically it represents Ernest Hemingway’s life and career. In most of Hemingway’s work he creates a difference between the ‘Hemingway hero’ and the ‘Hemingway code hero. ’ The Hemingway hero is a living character that is essential to the story’s plot. The Hemingway code hero is not always in a human form, but represents an ideal that the Hemingway hero tries to follow. Santiago represents both the hero and the code hero by trying to learn in situations, but by already possessing the characteristics of courage and humility. It is important that Hemingway made the code hero and the Hemingway hero the same character, because it creates reason to believe that Santiago is the character by which Hemingway wanted to be represented (Young). Santiago’s journey to catch the fish, and Hemingway’s career parallel each other. Hemingway had been famous for his early works, such as The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms. Santiago had become well known for his strength and his ability to catch fish in the early part of his life. Hemingway underwent years without another great story, and all hope that his fans had for him to reaffirm his reputation were lost. (Baughman). Santiago goes eighty-four days without catching a single fish. Other fishermen either pity him for his bad luck, or find it comical that he cannot catch fish. Ernest Hemingway labored over his book Across the River and Into the Trees just as Santiago labors over the marlin in order to hook his lost success. After catching the fish, sharks eat the marlin until there is nothing left but the skeleton of the fish, and memory of its former grandeur. The sharks symbolize Hemingway’s opinion of critics. The critics of Across the River and Into the Trees tore it apart until there was nothing left. Hemingway felt he had nothing after the failure that was Across the River and Into the Trees, just as Santiago realizes that though he has the skeleton of the fish, he will not gain anything after his three days of laboring over the fish. Both men manage to bear hope after their loss, as one is lead to believe that Santiago plans to fish again the next day. Hemingway continued to write and later publish, for which he received massive critical acclaim, The Old Man and the Sea. In addition to their careers being alike, Hemingway made Santiago an expatriate in order to represent his personal feeling of being exiled. An expatriate is a person who is living outside of their native country. Santiago was born in Spain and lived in the Canary Islands until he was in his twenties. He left Spain for the fishing in Cuba. After living in Cuba for sixty years, Santiago continues to feel that he is an outsider. At this time many Cubans disliked having the Spaniards living in their country. Santiago cannot connect with Cubans because of their dislike of Spaniards, but also does not associate with the other Spaniard fishermen. His only connection to Cuba was his Cuban wife who passed away years earlier. Santiago does not have the finances to return to Spain, so he may only dream of his true home. Hemingway also felt like an expatriate during the prime of his career. He lived and wrote in Paris, France with many of his literary colleagues. Still, he longed for his home in the United States and dreamt of being able to hunt and fish again instead of being immobilized in the high society of Paris (Herlihy). Santiago and Hemingway also are alike in their need for perfectionism in their trade. Santiago keeps his lines straight at all times because he realizes that he has no luck, and instead must be carefully exact. Hemingway worked tirelessly on his writing before allowing it to be published. He rewrote his works, especially The Old Man and the Sea, until he was confident in its success. As Philip Young said in his essay, â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea: Vision/Revision,† on the importance of expertise in the two men’s work: The Old Man and the Sea is, from one angle, an account of Hemingway’s personal struggle, grim, resolute and eternal, to write his best. With his seriousness, his precision and his perfectionism, Hemingway saw his craft exactly as Santiago sees his (Young). The two men have complete dedication to their craft. Santiago views his fishing and Hemingway viewed his writing as his personal calling and reason for being placed on earth. Hemingway connects the two men’s trade in The Old Man and the Sea as he describes Santiago’s fishing line as being â€Å"thick around as a pencil† (Hemingway 31). Hemingway uses Santiago in his novel to mirror his own passion and obsession with preciseness in his craft. Finally, Santiago’s story is a symbol of Christian beliefs. Critics have agreed that there are many biblical parallels in The Old Man and the Sea (Flora). Hemingway uses three specific Christian concepts throughout the story. As said in the I Corinthians, Chapter 13 of the New Testament, â€Å"And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity. † Santiago shows these three principles chronically through the story. Primarily, Santiago shows that he has unyielding faith in fishing and his dreams. Every night he dreams of lions, which signify his belief that he will begin a better time, and possibly signifies his expectation of heaven. He never abandons his confidence in the lions and better times, even as the sea and the sharks try him mercilessly. Santiago pronounces his faith in fishing during his conversation with Manolin. â€Å" ‘He hasn’t much faith. ’ ‘No’ the old man said. ‘But we have. Haven’t we? ’ † (Hemingway 11). Santiago never ceases to believe that he will catch fish again, even after more than eighty days of desolate fishing. The second Christian ideal shown in the story is hope. As Santiago begins his journey out to sea Hemingway describes Santiago’s feeling of hope by writing, â€Å"His hope and confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises† (Hemingway 13). Santiago has hope that he will once again fish as successfully as he did in his youth. Without this hope Santiago would feel no reason to continue trying, and may have stopped fishing. After Santiago catches the fish, he may not have tried to stop the sharks from eating his prize fish if he did not have hope that he could defend the marlin. As the sharks try to discourage Santiago’s hope, Santiago summons his respect of the great DiMaggio. He realizes that his hero never gave up, even through the painful bone spur that could have ended his career. It gives Santiago hope to know that a person, much like himself, could win in a battle that seems almost impossible. After killing the fish, Santiago tells himself, â€Å"It is silly not to hope†¦ Besides, I believe it is a sin† (Hemingway 101). The third moral described in the biblical selection is charity. Santiago shows his charity through his love for the fish. He tries to give the fish a suitable heroic death. He does not kill the fish out of pride, but out of need, and his belief that he is meant to catch the fish. Before killing the fish, Santiago tells it, â€Å"Fish†¦ I love you and respect you very much. But I will kill you dead before this day ends† (Hemingway 54). He cares about the fish, and for the fish’s sake hopes that the battle will be over soon. After killing the fish, Santiago protects it from the sharks due to his respect for the fish. He cannot allow the sharks to defile such a beautiful, majestic creature. There are Biblical parallels in the story through the numbers that Hemingway chooses to use. Santiago spends forty days fishing without the boy or luck in his fishing before catching the fish. He then spends three days trying to catch the fish, and on the third catches, and loses the fish to the shark. In the biblical story of Noah and the flood, Noah spends forty days at sea to survive the cleansing of sin in the world. In the story of Easter and the crucifying of Christ, Jesus spends forty days in the desert resisting temptation from the devil. After his exile, throughout the course of three days he dies, is buried, and then resurrected. The number three returns again in The Old Man and the Sea, moments before Santiago catches the fish. Before finally giving up and dying, the fish circles the skiff three times. Santiago’s journey in the novel also symbolizes a person’s journey through sin and redemption. By the middle of the story, Hemingway suggests that Santiago has sinned by describing him as going â€Å"too far out. † The idea of going too far out means that he has crossed a boundary and has therefore sinned. Santiago debates with himself if killing the marlin was a sin by saying: You did not kill the fish only to keep alive and to sell for food†¦. You killed him for pride and because you are a fisherman. You loved him while he was alive and you loved him after. If you love him, it is not a sin to kill him. Or is it more? (Hemingway 105). Santiago continuously reminds himself that it is his own fault that he lost the fish because he went ‘too far out. ’ After coming into the harbor Santiago asks himself, â€Å"And what beat you? † and thinks to himself, â€Å"Nothing†¦ I went out too far† (Hemingway 120). Santiago’s punishment for his sin comes in the form of the sharks. The sharks rip apart the fish until there is nothing left because Santiago should not have gone so far out and killed the fish. Santiago repents his sins by the end of the story as he heads back to harbor. After he arrives in Havana, the reader is left to believe that he is at the end of his life, and due to his condition and his age, will die soon. The fact that he arrives in Havana is important because the name is similar to heaven, and symbolic of heaven. In review, Santiago sins, is punished, repents, and arrives in heaven. Finally, the story is symbolic of Christianity because Santiago is himself, a Christ figure. Hemingway first shows Santiago’s biblical importance through his name. The name Santiago is Spanish for Saint James. Saint James was one of Jesus’ first disciples and helped the spread of Christianity (Davis). A second moment that shows Santiago’s faith is that he keeps a picture of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in his small shack. Santiago spends forty days and nights in exile on the sea, just as Jesus spent that time in the desert. Hemingway first obviously connects Santiago and Christ as he describes the noise Santiago makes when he sees the sharks as â€Å"a noise such as a man might make, involuntarily, feeling the nail go through his hands and into the wood† (Hemingway 103). Santiago’s ordeal with the sharks is symbolic of the crucifying of Christ. As he sails home, Santiago thinks to himself, â€Å"Think about something cheerful, old man†¦. Every minute now you are closer to home† (Hemingway 104). This quote is symbolic of Jesus waiting for death and heaven on the cross. After finally reaching his destination, Santiago tiresomely carries the mast uphill on his shoulder, falls, and then makes it to the cabin. The symbolism to Christ is unmistakable in this moment. Before being crucified, Jesus carried the cross, which symbolized our sins. When Santiago finally reaches his shack, he falls facedown on his cot, both arms straight out with his palms out. This image cements Santiago as symbolizing a Christ figure. Hemingway’s use of symbolism gives The Old Man and the Sea depth, even with its deceptively simple plot. First, he makes his characters symbols of life and the interaction between living creatures. Second, Hemingway uses symbolism to create a parallel between Santiago and his own life. Finally, Hemingway created the character Santiago as a Christ figure, and added Christian morals to the plot. The use of symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea is the foundation for its success, and the reason that it is a classic in American literature.